The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products

For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.     

Parental phenols exposure and spontaneous abortion in Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Widespread use of phenols has led to ubiquitous exposure to phenols. In experimental animals, phenols increased resorptions, reduced live litter size and fetal body weights. However, there are limited epidemiological evidences of the relationships between exposure to phenols and pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated the associations between parental urinary levels of various phenols and spontaneous abortion in a Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A case-control study was conducted that included 70 case couples with medically unexplained spontaneous abortion and 180 control couples who did not have a history of spontaneous abortion and had at least one living child. Both parental urinary phenols were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP). Compared with the low exposure group, there was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with high paternal urinary PCP concentration [odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.05–4.14], and maternal exposure to 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) also significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.02–4.80; OR = 2.81, 95% CI, 1.39–5.65, respectively). Our study firstly provides the evidence that paternal PCP exposure, maternal 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) exposure are associated with spontaneous abortion in humans.     

脱硫石膏粒径分布与脱水性能实验研究

脱硫石膏粒径分布是影响脱硫石膏浆液脱水性能的重要因素之一，以干法、湿法筛分和研磨破碎获得不同粒径分布的脱硫石膏，在相同的过滤条件下，对不同粒径分布脱硫石膏浆液脱水性能进行了研究，实验结果表明，当脱硫石膏粒径d50大于50μm且（d90-d10）小于100μm，真空过滤最大真空度不低于0．098MPa，过滤时间不少于2．5min，滤饼厚度不超过20mm时，石膏滤饼含水率可以降低到12％以下（最低可达10％）；d50在17μm为脱硫石膏在相同的过滤条件下能够实现真空脱水干燥的转折点；d50和（d90-d10）共同影响石膏脱水性能，d50小于20μm时，仅表现为d50的影响。     

袋式除尘器和静电除尘器在电厂除尘系统中运用的性能对比分析

针对目前火电厂除尘系统应用现状和当前环保要求,通过对袋式除尘器和静电除尘器在火电厂燃煤锅炉除尘系统中的应用,对袋式除尘器和静电除尘器在技术性能上的差异作了简单的对比分析,以指导除尘器在目前火电厂燃煤锅炉除尘系统中的具体应用。     

安全绩效研究综述

为探明安全绩效的研究方向,加强对安全绩效基础研究,从而为加强企业安全管理工作提供理论保障。从安全绩效的定义和范畴、安全绩效的评估、安全绩效影响因素的实证研究、安全绩效的提升等方面对国内外安全绩效相关研究进行论述和分析。提出以企业组织安全行为与员工安全行为作为研究的切入点;采用定性与定量相结合的方法;研究的重点应为更加注重过程的控制,注重安全行为的引导和安全文化的建设。     

基于物元模型的土地整理项目绩效评价方法与案例研究

随着新公共管理理念的普及和土地整理在我国社会经济发展中重要性的日益显著，对土地整理项目绩效评价理论、方法及实证研究意义重大。针对已有研究的不足，在界定土地整理项目绩效内涵基础上构建了基于“流程逻辑”框架的土地整理项目绩效评价指标体系，结合物元分析法建立了物元评价模型，并以浙江省永康市石柱镇土地整理项目为例，展开了实证研究。结果表明物元评价模型适合用于土地整理项目绩效评价。综合评价显示永康市石柱镇项目总体绩效水平为“较差”，绩效值为0.014 4。单指标评价显示:该项目只有4个指标绩效水平达到“良好及以上”，1个指标处于“一般”，其他的都处于“较差”水平；研究项目区的绩效水平主要受耕地面积增加率、土地利用提高率等9个因素影响。永康市在今后的土地整理项目建设中应该针对这些绩效影响因素采取相应措施，不断改善项目的整体绩效水平     

基于数据包络分析的水污染物排放指标初始分配方法与案例研究

基于数据包络分析(DEA)的点源水污染物排放指标初始分配方法,是将基于DEA的线性规划评价方法进行改进,从而使其适用于评价企业的水环境绩效,并依此进行排污指标初始分配。将非期望产出作为投入指标处理,构造了5输入1输出的规模可变DEA模型,并以南京市280家企业的COD排放指标初始分配为例进行了分析。结果表明,方法的模拟分配结果在公平的基础上,反映了企业的环境效率,效率越高,可得到的COD排放指标也越高,这将对企业治污起到激励作用,分配方法具有一定的可操作性;对案例企业进行分组并实行组内参评,基本可以避免部分极值原始数据对评价结果的影响,得到的COD排放指标分配结果也更为合理。     

Water Governance and Water Use Efficiency: The Five Principles of WUA Management and Performance in China1

Wang, Jinxia, Jikun Huang, Lijuan Zhang, Qiuqiong Huang, and Scott Rozelle, 2010. Water Governance and Water Use Efficiency: The Five Principles of WUA Management and Performance in China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 665-685. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00439.x Abstract: In recent years China has attempted to reform water management by decentralizing water management responsibilities. The overall goal of our paper is to better understand the emergence of water user associations (WUAs) in China and assess if they are adhering to the practices spelled out by the Five Principles, a set of recommended practices that are supposed to lead to successful WUA operation. Using four sets of different types of villages to examine implementation and performance, we find that World Bank-supported WUA villages (“Bank villages”) can be thought of as operating mostly according to the Five Principles. For example, the Bank villages were endowed with a more reliable water supply; were set up and were operating with a relatively high degree of farmer participation; and leaders were more consultative and the process more formal. When WUAs are run according to the Five Principals, we show that WUAs increase water use efficiency. The study also provides evidence that there is a perception in the Bank villages that water management is improving in general and that there is less conflict both within the village and among villages. Perhaps more importantly, we find that the Bank’s effort to promote WUAs extended beyond their own project villages. The openness, consultative nature, and transparency found in the Bank WUAs are also found (albeit at a somewhat lower level) in the non-Bank WUA villages.     

地铁项目安全绩效关键影响因素分析研究

在分析研究地铁安全事故案例的基础上,识别出对地铁项目安全绩效的48个关键影响因素,将这些影响因素归为五大类,即项目参与各方对安全的影响程度、人员的不安全行为及不安全状态、材料的不安全状态、机械/设备的不安全状态和现场环境的不安全状态;采取调查问卷的方式,运用结构方程建模得出各个指标的重要度及各指标之间的相互影响。研究结果表明:"项目参与各方对安全的影响程度"和"现场环境的状态"对地铁安全绩效的贡献最大,同时,其他因素也有较强的影响,在地铁施工中应以此为重点,加强安全防范。     

火电机组状态及性能全息诊断系统技术及应用

阐述了火电机组状态及性能全息诊断系统的技术原理、系统结构及应用情况。该系统以解决机组应用性能问题为目标,采用状态空间分析模型,具备多层次分析的运行操作指导,基于性能渐变特性的设备状态检修,包括分散度在内的运行指标考核以及定期的节能潜力诊断等功能,在10余家电厂44台近1500万kW机组上取得了供电煤耗平均降低1.5～3.5g（标煤）/kW.h的节能效果。